Evaluation of eight varieties of cowpea vigna unguiculata l. Constraints to cowpea production and utilization in sub. In particular, weevils postharvest pests can destroy a granary full of cowpea in two or three months. It originated and was domesticated in southern africa and was later moved to east and west africa. Production level while cowpea is grown throughout west and central africa, its adaptation to drought makes it especially important for the sahel fig. Five cowpea production constraint areas were identified i seed production access ii field production iii storageutilization iv marketing, and v intellectual property. The sahel region also contains other major producers such as burkina faso, ghana, senegal, and mali. Cowpea is of major importance to the livelihoods of millions of relatively poor people in less developed countries of the tropics fao, 2002. Objection to the application from lilongwe university of. Cbc2 cowpea variety seeds soil type any type of soil can be used, but best yields are obtained in welldrained sandy loam to clay loam soils with a ph of 6. Crops of cowpea vigna unguiculata in northern nigeria are normally subject to such heavy attack by insects that the potential yields are seldom realised. The cowpea is an important legume crop in malawi and has been adapted to a wide variety of local conditions, particularly in the warmer, drier areas in the south of the country the lower shire valley, bwanje valley, lakeshore and phalombe plains, as well as dry plateau areas of machinga. In many parts of west africa, including nigeria, cowpea seeds are prepared and taken in various forms.
An experiment was undertaken at two locations in nigeria to identify the major insect pests of cowpea, assess the yield losses caused by them and recommend profitable control packages. Cowpea postharvest operations in developing countries preface the present work provides information related to cowpea crop and mostly on cowpea postharvest operation in developing countries. The production and trade of cowpea vigna uniculata, called blackeyed peas in the us, are a growing business for farmers and merchants serving the rapidly expanding urban areas of west and central africa. However, cowpea productivity and production in nigeria has major constraints. In the usa, where black eye peas is a heritage crop, there is. This study investigated the perceived effect of boko harma on available means of getting the. Insect pests are major constraints in cowpea production. Pdf adoption of cowpea production technologies among. Perceived effect of bokoharam insurgency on means of. Moisture stress is a challenge to cowpea production in the drought prone areas of eastern and north eastern uganda, with yield losses of up to 50% reported. The yields of the crop in ghana, however, are among the lowest in the world, averaging 310 kgha iita, 1993, cited by ofosubudu et al. Nigeria is the number one world producer of cowpea with an annual production of 2,950,000mt in 20 4. Farmers in the savannah region view cowpea as both food and cash crop.
Cost efficiency of sorghumcowpea intercropping system in. Nigeria is the largest cowpea producer in the world and also has the highest level of consumption fao, 2000. This paper discusses the evolution of cowpea production from the early 1960s until recent years in nigeria, along with new technology for cultivation for example, improved cultivars of this crop. Cowpea breeding by the crsp, african nars, and iita senegal, burkina faso, nigeria, and other countries has led to improved cowpea varieties that are near release. Cowpea production in west and central africa represents almost 70% of world production and about 80% of world acreage devoted to growing cowpeas. Soil fertility management and cowpea production in the semiarid tropics 4. It can be made into different kinds of food a very good example is steamed cowpea paste called. The data were collected using structured questionnaires.
Performance of three cowpea vigna unguiculata l walp. Breeding for insect resistance is a major objective of cowpea improvement programme at iita. The production trend shows a significant improvement of cowpea cultivation in this country from 1961 to 1995. Cowpea is a diploid with 2n 22 and a genome size of about 620 million base pairs. In that case, the selection of farm inputs at minimum cost will help to reduce production cost and hence improve profitability of the farmers this research investigated the optimal allocation of factors of production by sorghum cowpea intercrop farmers in kebbi. Gm and seed industry eye africas lucrative cowpea seed markets 7 functioning biosafety regime, multilocation trials were conducted in zaria, minijibir and bajura during 2014, to generate data in order to support an application for general release. The largest production is in africa with nigeria and niger predominating, but brazil, west. Utilization of cowpea in the production of bean flour and canned products such as tomato sauce were discussed with their relative economic advantages. Local government area of katsina state, northwest of nigeria.
Saharan africa, that is resilient to hot and drought. Profitability analysis of cowpea production in rural areas of. However, only about 5% of the cowpea area in africa is planted to. It is intended to be a reference for rural zones of west and central africa and east asia where cowpea is widely grown. Cowpea farming, planting, care, harveting, yield agri. United states production of dry cowpea has declined from 34 million acres to a few thousand over the same period. In soils low in phosphorus, the roots of cowpea develop effective mycorrhizal associations, improving the soils available p content.
The bulk of production occurs in the savannah regions of northern ghana, although cowpea can be grown in all ecological zones of ghana. View cowpea production research papers on academia. Nigeria is the worlds leading cowpea producing country, followed by brazil. West and central africa are the leading cowpea producing regions in the world. Potential impacts of improved cowpea under improved seed. Genotypes grown by farmers are not drought tolerant. Cowpea thrives very well in warm seasons, not in cold and winter seasons. This kind of situation also prevails in other tropical countries and these high losses might have contributed immensely to cowpeas subsidiary position in the farming systems of several countries in the tropics. These include devastating diseases and insect pests, a narrow ge.
As with many other grain crops grown in the semiarid tropics, the cowpea post production system in developing countries is an important constraint. Cowpea production farm radio scriptsfarm radio scripts. Gm and seed industry eye africas lucrative cowpea seed markets. Mention of any proprietary product or commercial applications does not constitute an endorsement or a. Cowpea can also be used for the production of high quality hay or silage, when mixed with crops such as corn or sorghum, or it can be used for rotational grazing. Cowpea seed is a nutritious component in the human diet, as well as a nutritious livestock feed.
This study estimated the productivity and profitability of cowpea production in kaduna state, north central nigeria. Of total world production, about 80 percent comes from nigeria, 80 percent of whose harvest comes from the parched northern states of kano, sokoto, and borno. This study determines the adoption of cowpea production technologies among farmers in taraba state, nigeria. The production guide is meant to provide field based agricultural extension personnel and farmers with quick reference material to guide them in the promotion of cowpea production. Economic analysis of cowpea production in nigeria abba m. The demand for cowpeas is increasing in ghana because of high population growth, mainly in urban areas. A better understanding of consumer preferences for cowpea is essential. Cowpea postharvest operations in developing countries. Pests of cowpea and their control in northern nigeria. You will be redirected to the full text document in the repository in a few seconds, if not click here. The small group meeting report on cowpea production and. It originated and was domesticated in southern africa and was later moved to east and west africa and asia. Importance of cowpea production contd cowpea is produced in the arid and semiarid zones. Walp world literature on cowpea research covering mainly the two years, 198182was analysed to determine the yearly distribution of the literature and the extent of the inclusive retrospective literature.
The sample comprised of a random sampling of 50 cowpea farmers from each of the four purposively selected local governments area notable for cowpea production in the state. The triplelayer bag introduced by purdue university effectively protects cowpeas from infestation without the use of chemical pesticides kano, nigeria. Overall, three main production zones can be identi. The commonly cultivated cowpea belongs to cultivar group unguiculata while members of cultivar group textilis, characterized by long peduncles are grown in some parts of nigeria for production of fibre. The cowpea vigna unguiculata is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus vigna. Using a nationally representative survey data from a sample of 1,525 cowpea. In nigeria cowpea is largely grown in the northern part of the country which has savanna type of vegetation and light rainfall anon. Using the biosafety guidelines process as a backdrop, we evaluate the role of trust in the. Nigeria is the largest producer of cowpea in africa. However, cowpea production is generally low as a result of some factor such as diseases and pest, drought, insect pest and weeds gungula and garjila, 2005. Agboola 1979 reported that an average yield of 271. Beyond africa cowpea is an important crop in some tropical american countries, especially in northeastern brazil. These regions produce 64% of the estimated 3 million tons of cowpea seed harvested annually.
Pusa phalguni, which is best for sowing as a summer crop, pusa barsati is best for rainy season crop, pusa dofasli is best for summer as well as the rainy season the climatic condition required for cowpea production. Productivity and profitability analyses of cowpea production in. In tanzania, production declined in the early 1970s but in the late 1970s it showed considerable improvement in production. Host plant resistance for cowpea insect pest management.
Soil fertility management and cowpea production in the. Comparative efficacy of seven plant products on the cowpea. The blackeyed cowpea type is grown primarily in california and is marketed as california blackeyed peas. The importance of cowpea as a crop that cannot be dispensed with in the agriculture of the subsistence farmers in south sudan and the characteristics of cowpea plant type of roots, leaves, stem. Varieties of cowpea are said to be tolerant of aluminium and to be adapted of. In ghana, cowpea is one of the widely cultivated legumes, mainly in the savanna and transitional zones cri, 2006. Estimation of energy requirements in cowpea flour production. Most cowpeas are grown on the african continent, particularly in nigeria and niger, which account for 66% of world cowpea production.
The nature of the literature and its form of publication are identified and discussed. Dec 04, 2012 introduction on the basis of area cultivated, cowpea is the most important food legume in ghana. Hence, efforts have been made to improve cowpea production in. In uganda total production deteriorated sharply after 1975. Cowpea supply and demand in west and central africa. In the forest zone, cowpea may not be grown as the first crop on lands that have been in fallow for more than 10 years. Cowpea plays a vital role as a source of livelihood for millions of people in west and. It is designed to serve as a basic reference document for participants in ilas cowpea production training courses. The study described the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents.
Production regions cowpea does best mainly in natural regions ii, iii, iv and v, but the crop can be grown. Importance of cowpea to the livelihoods of smallholder. Characterization of common nigerian cowpea vigna unguiculata. Various combinations of insecticidal applications were tested at four crop growth stages, in conjunction with varieties possessing moderate levels of resistance. It is an inexpensive source of protein that does not require refrigeration. Niger is the main exporter of cowpeas and nigeria the main importer. Cost efficiency is a state of optimal allocation of factors of production in which any other allocation will result to higher cost. The report also showed that cowpea production in nigeria accounted for 58 % of the total worlds output. Nigeria is the worlds leading cowpea producing country, followed by. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across africa and asia. Cowpea cultivation is mainly under traditional systems and cowpea grain yields in farmers.
West and central africa is the leading cowpea producing region in the world. In burkina faso, multilocation trials are being conducted in farako ba and kamboinse. Resistance to leafhoppers and aphids has been incorporated in advanced breeding lines thus eliminating the need for other control measures. Being indigenous to africa, a number of plant types that are cultivated in the major growing. Farmers guide to cowpea production in west africa citeseerx. The country is currently in the early phases of confined field trials for two genetically modified crops. Over 100,000 farmers in borno and kano states in northern nigeria and in the niger republic are currently using the improved varieties, where their adoption rate is conservatively estimated at 65 percent. Vigna unguiculata cowpea is a food and animal feed crop grown in the semiarid tropics covering africa, asia, europe, united states and central and south america. Cowpea farmer balarabe kausani kausani, kano, nigeria, 2010.
This study was therefore, undertaken at makerere university agricultural research institute kabanyolo to identify cowpea genotypes tolerant to drought. Response of cowpea genotypes to drought stress in uganda. Cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and is commonly used in food plots for deer. Some varieties of cowpea are used specifically for wildlife purposes ball et al. Introduction on the basis of area cultivated, cowpea is the most important food legume in ghana. Cowpeas stored in traditional bags, which are susceptible to insect infestations that diminish annual crop yields. Mutagenic effects of gamma radiation on eight accessions of. Five cowpea production constraint areas were identified i seed production access ii field production iii storageutilization iv.
The most important pests are maruca testulalis geyer, which damages flowers and pods, piezotrachelus varium wagn. It requires very few inputs, as the plants root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resourcepoor farmers and wellsuited to intercropping with. Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state. Boko harma insurgency has drastically affected the supply and distribution of agricultural produce especially cowpea from the northeast nigeria to the markets in southern part of nigeria due to unwillingness of traders to embark on journey to the troubled zone for fear of attack from the insurgency. Production in nigeria is highest in the north east 703.
Idah sitholeniang will serve as liaison between ngica, cowpea scientists, and aatf and will prepare the technical report for the july 1011 sgm. Introduction cowpea is one of the most ancient crops known to man. Nigeria, africas most populous country, has been the worlds largest cowpea importer since 2004. Impact of a cowpea research project in nigeria, using the rapid rural appraisal technique. Morphological basis for yield differences among cowpea. Cowpea production in zimbabwe zimbabwe super seeds. Overcoming barriers to trust in agricultural biotechnology. More than 11 million hectares are harvested worldwide, 97% of which is in africa. Bacillus thuringiensis bt cowpea and nutritionally enhanced cassava biocassava plus. Nigeria, the largest producer and consumer, accounts for 61% of production in africa and 58% worldwide. In view of the declining cowpea production in nigeria, it becomes paramount to intensify efforts towards improving its production.
Conditions for growing cowpea rainfall 250500 mm of well distributed rainfall during the growing season is adequate for cowpea production. Cowpea is the most important source of nutritious food and fodder in west africa. Nigeria is the largest producer and consumer of cowpea, accounting for about 58% of the worlds production maina and lale, 2004 and 61% of the production in africa iita, 2016. Walp is the most indigenous grain legume in nigeria and it is popularly known as bean in the local markets with different varietal names attached oyenuga, 1968. A variety of birds, including wild turkey, eat the seeds and the plant can be used by quail as cover. Modern cowpea breeding to overcome critical production. Osun state, southwest nigeria, for the 20102011 agricultural growing seasons. Areas, where rainfall is more than average is not suitable for cowpea farming.
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